Ir. Soekarno The First President of Indonesia

Ir. Soekarno - If you hear the name of Dr. (HC) Ir. Soekarno everyone would remember the proclaimed and also the first president of Indonesia. President Sukarno's birth name is actually Koesno Sosrodihardjo, he was born in Surabaya, East Java, on June 6, 1901.

When viewed from history, Sukarno was the first President of Indonesia, who served in the period 1945-1966, he also played an important role for independence of Indonesia from Dutch colonial rule. In addition, Sukarno also a digger Pancasila as he who first sparked the concept of the Indonesian state, and herself who named Pancasila. He is also a Proclaimed of Indonesian Independence (along with Mohammad Hatta) which occurred on August 17, 1945.

Soekarno signed March 11, 1966 Warrant Supersemar the controversial content, based on the version issued by the Army Headquarters commissioned Lieutenant-General Suharto to secure and maintain the security of the state and the institution of the presidency. Supersemar basis Lieutenant General Suharto to dissolve the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), and replacing members who sit in parliament. Having rejected accountable People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) in the fourth general assembly of 1967, President Sukarno was dismissed from his post as president of the MPRS Special Session of the same year and appointed Soeharto as the acting President of the Republic of Indonesia.

Childhood & Youth Soekarno

Sukarno was born to a father who named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo and his mother is Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. The two met when Raden Soekemi who was an elementary school teacher was placed on Natives in Singaraja, Bali. Nyoman Rai is a descendant of the noble Hindu Bali and while Raden Soekemi themselves Muslim. They already have a daughter named Sukarmini before Soekarno was born. When small Soekarno lived with his grandfather, Prince Hardjokromo in Tulung Agung, East Java.

He attended the first time in the Tulung Agung until she moved to Mojokerto, followed his parents were stationed in the city. In Mojokerto, father Sukarno enter into Eerste inlandse School, the school where he worked. Then in June 1911 Sukarno moved to Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) to make it easier to be accepted in Hoogere Burger School (HBS).

In 1915, Sukarno had completed his education at ELS and successfully continue to HBS in Surabaya, East Java. He was accepted at HBS for the help of a friend of his father who called HOS Tjokroaminoto. Tjokroaminoto even provide shelter for Soekarno at his home lodge. In Surabaya, Soekarno much met with leaders of the SI, the organization headed Tjokroaminoto then, as Alimin, Musso, Dharsono, Haji Agus Salim and Abdul Muis. Soekarno then active in youth organizations Tri Koro Dharmo formed as an organization of Budi Utomo. Name of the organization then he change to Jong Java (Java Youth) in 1918. In addition, Sukarno also actively writes in the daily "Oetoesan Indies" led by Tjokroaminoto.

Graduated Soerabaja HBS in July 1921, with a force Djoko Asmo colleagues at HBS, Sukarno continued to Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (now ITB) in Bandung majoring in civil engineering in 1921, two months after he left college, but in 1922 signed returned and graduated in 1926. Sukarno declared to have passed the test engineer on May 25, 1926 and the 6th Anniversary TH Bandung on July 3, 1926 she graduated with eighteen other engineers. Prof. Jacob Clay, chairman of the faculty at the time stated "Especially important event for us because there are three of them engineers Javanese people". [14] They were Soekarno, Anwari, and Soetedjo, except that there is one from Minahasa Henricus Johannes Alexander Ondang.

While in London, staying at the residence of Haji Sukarno Sanusi who is a member of the SI Tjokroaminoto sidekick. There he interacted with Ki Hajar Dewantara, Cipto Mangunkusumo, and Dr. Douwes Dekker, who was then the leader of the organization National Indische Partij.

Gait Political Biography of President Sukarno

1. Period of National Movement

Soekarno for the first time became famous when he became a member of Jong Java Surabaya branch in 1915. For Sukarno nature of the organization's Java-centric and just think culture alone is a challenge. In the annual plenary meeting held Sukarno Surabaya branch Jong Java tumultuous session with a speech using the Java language ngoko (rough). A month later he sparked a fierce debate by suggesting that Java Jong newspaper published in Malay only, and not in the Dutch language.

In 1926, Sukarno founded the Algemene Study Club in Bandung, which is the result of inspiration from Indonesische Study Club by Dr. Soetomo. This organization became the forerunner of the National Party of Indonesia was established in 1927. Sukarno's PNI activity caused the Dutch captured on December 29, 1929 in Yogyakarta and the next day moved to London, was sent to prison for Banceuy. In 1930 he moved to Sukamiskin and in that year he raised a phenomenal pledoi Indonesia Sues (pledoi), to be released on December 31, 1931.

In July 1932, Sukarno joined the Party of Indonesia (Partindo), which is a fraction of the PNI. Sukarno was arrested again in August 1933, and exiled to Flores. Here, Soekarno almost forgotten by the national figures. But his spirit still burning as implied in every letter to a teacher named Ahmad Hasan Islamic Union.

In 1938 until 1942 Sukarno was exiled to Bengkulu Province. Soekarno new free returns on Japanese colonial period in 1942.

2. The period of Japanese rule

At the beginning of the Japanese occupation (1942-1945), the Japanese government had not noticed the movement leaders of Indonesia, especially to "secure" its presence in Indonesia. It looks at the Movement 3A with the character and Mr. Shimizu. Syamsuddin less popular.

But eventually, the Japanese occupation government attention and simultaneously utilize Indonesian leaders such as Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and others in each of the organizations and institutions of appealing to the population of Indonesia. Mentioned in various organizations such as the Java Hokokai, People Power Center (the Son), and PPKI BPUPKI, prominent leaders such as Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, KH Mas Mansyur, and others mentioned and look so active. And finally the national figures working with the government to achieve the independence of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, although there is also an underground movement like Sutan Syahrir and Amir Sjarifuddin because they think Japan is a dangerous fascist.

President Sukarno himself, during a speech before the opening of the reading of the text of the proclamation of independence, saying that even though we work together with Japan in fact we believe and believe and rely on their own strength.

He was active in the preparation of business independence Indonesia, among which is to formulate the Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, and the basic fundamentals of the Indonesian government, including formulating the text of the proclamation of Independence. He was persuaded to step aside to Rengasdengklok.

In 1943, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo invited the leaders Indonesia Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and Ki Bagus Hadikoesoemo to Japan and received directly by Emperor Hirohito. Even the emperor gave imperial star (Holy Ratna) to three figures Indonesia. Conferment star made the Japanese occupation government was surprised, because it means that all three characters Indonesia is considered Japan's imperial family alone. In August 1945, he was invited by Marshal Terauchi, the Army leadership in the region of Southeast Asia Dalat Vietnam who later stated that the proclamation of the independence of Indonesia is the Indonesian people themselves.

But his involvement in the organization of bodies formed Japan made Sukarno was accused by the Netherlands in cooperation with Japan, among others, in the case of romusha.

3. Revolutionary War period

Soekarno with national figures began to prepare themselves before the proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia. After the trial Investigation Agency Business BPUPKI Preparation of Indonesian Independence, Small Committee consisting of eight members (official), small committee consisting of nine persons / Nine organizers (with the Treaty of Jakarta) and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence PPKI, Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia established the State based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.

After seeing Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, there Rengasdengklok Events on August 16, 1945; Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta persuaded by the youth to step aside to troop dormitories Defenders of the Homeland Rengasdengklok Map. Youth leaders who persuaded the others Soekarni, Wikana, Singgih and Chairul Saleh. The youths demanded that Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence immediately, because in Indonesia happened vacuum of power. This is because Japan had surrendered and Allied troops had not arrived. But Sukarno, Hatta and leaders refused on the grounds waiting for clarity on the Japanese surrender. Another reason is the growing Soekarno establish the right moment for the independence of the Republic of Indonesia which is chosen on August 17, 1945 when it coincided with Ramadan, the Muslim holy month which is believed to be the revelation of the first month of the Muslims to the Prophet Muhammad, Al Qur-an. On 18 August 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta PPKI be appointed by the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. On August 29, 1945 appointment as president and vice president was confirmed by KNIP. On 19 September 1945 the authority Soekarno can complete without bloodshed Ikada Field event where 200 000 people of Jakarta will clash with Japanese troops were still armed to the teeth.

On arrival Allies (AFNEI) led by Lieutenant General. Sir Philip Christison, Christison finally recognized Indonesian sovereignty de facto after holding a meeting with the President. President Sukarno was also trying to solve the crisis in Surabaya. However, due to provocation launched by troops NICA (Netherlands) to hitchhike Allies (under the British), burst events 10 November 1945 in Surabaya and the death of Brigadier General AWS Mallaby.

Because many provocations in Jakarta at the time, President Soekarno eventually moved the capital of the Republic of Indonesia from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. Followed vice president and other senior state officials.

Position of President Soekarno in 1945, is the status of the President as head of government and head of state (presidential / single executive). During the revolution, the system of government changed to semipresidensiil / double executive. President Sukarno as head of state and the Prime Minister Sutan Syahrir / Head of Government. It happened because of the vice presidential edict No. X, and the government's announcement in November 1945 of a political party. It is taken to the Republic of Indonesia is considered a more democratic country.

Although the system of government changed, at the time of the revolution, the position of the President is still the most important, especially in the face of Madiun 1948 as well as the Dutch Military Aggression II that led to President Soekarno, Vice President Mohammad Hatta and high state officials arrested Netherlands. Although there has been the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) with chairman Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, but in fact the international and domestic situation remains acknowledged that Soekarno-Hatta is the real leader of Indonesia, only policies that can resolve the dispute Indonesia and the Netherlands.

4. Future of Indonesian Independence

After Recognition Sovereignty (as the Dutch government said Handing Sovereignty), President Sukarno was appointed as the President of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS) and Mohammad Hatta was appointed prime minister of RIS. Office of President of the Republic of Indonesia handed over to Mr Assaat, which became known as the RI Java-Yogyakarta. However, due to the demands of all the people of Indonesia who want to return to a unitary state, then on August 17, 1950, RIS again changed to the Republic of Indonesia and President Sukarno becomes President. The mandate of Mr Assaat as acting President handed back to Ir. Sukarno. Official position of the President is the constitutional president, but in fact government policy made after consulting him.

Myth Duet Soekarno-Hatta quite popular and more powerful among the people compared to the prime minister head of government. Rise and fall of the cabinet which is reputed as "cabinet for the rest of corn" to make the President less trusting multiparty system, even calling it a "disease party". Not infrequently, he also lent a hand mediating conflicts in the military has also affected the rise and fall of the cabinet. As the events of October 17, 1952 and the events in the Air Force. Sukarno and John F. Kennedy

President Sukarno also provides many ideas in the international world. Concern over the fate of the peoples of Asia and Africa, still independent, yet have the right to determine their own fate, causing President Sukarno, in 1955, took the initiative to convene the Asia-Africa Conference in Bandung, which produced Dasa Sila. Known as the Bandung Asian-African Capital. Inequality and conflict due to a "time bomb" that left the western countries are still labeled as selfish imperialism and colonialism, inequality and concerns about the emergence of a nuclear war that changed civilization, injustice international agencies in conflict resolution is also a concern. With President Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Pakistan), U Nu, (Burma) and Jawaharlal Nehru (India), he organized the Asian-African Conference that led to the Non-Aligned Movement. Thanks services, many Asian and African countries gained independence. But unfortunately, there are still many others who have prolonged the conflict to date because of the injustice in problem solving, which is still controlled by powerful states or superpowers. Thanks to this addition, many residents of the region do not forget the African Soekarno remember or know when will Indonesia. [Citation needed]

To carry out an independent foreign policy-active role in the international community, President Sukarno visited many countries and met with the leaders of the country. Among them was Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Union), John Fitzgerald Kennedy (United States), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Mao Tse Tung (PRC).

End of Life President Sukarno

Soekarno health has begun to decline since August 1965. [26] Previously, it has been declared suffering from kidney problems and had been receiving treatment in Vienna, Austria in 1961 and 1964. [26] Prof. Dr. K. Fellinger of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Vienna suggests that Sukarno left kidney removed but he refused and preferred traditional medicine.

He still survive for 5 years before finally died on Sunday, June 21, 1970 at Army Hospital (Hospital Central Army) Gatot Subroto, Jakarta with its status as political prisoners. The body was moved from Sukarno to the guesthouse RSPAD Yasso owned by Ratna Sari Dewi. Before it died, routine checks on Sukarno was made by Dr. Mahar Mardjono which is a member of the presidential medical team. Not long after medical communique issued signed by the Chairman Prof. Dr. Mardjono Mahar and his Deputy Chief Major General Dr. (TNI AD) Rubiono Kertopati.

Although Sukarno had requested that he be buried in the Palace Slate, Bogor, but the government of President Suharto chose Blitar, East Java, as the burial place of Sukarno. It was established by Presidential Decree No.. 44 in 1970. The body was taken to Blitar Soekarno day after his death and was buried the next day next to his mother's grave. Soekarno's funeral was led by armed forces commander Gen. M. Panggabean as inspector ceremony. The government then set a seven-day mourning period.